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Romani Refugees and the Postwar Order

Oktober 4, 2016, 11:15 a.m., Joskowicz, A., Allgemein.

Scholarship on Romani (Gypsy) migration has typically focused either on longue durée patterns of persecution and marginalization or on Roma migrants within Europe since the fall of communism. This article shows how the westward migration of Roma after the Second World War and during the early years of the Cold War breaks with several common assumptions about the history of displaced persons, refugees, and Roma alike. Contrary to claims about unbroken continuities in the persecution of European Roma, in the immediate postwar years officers of the International Refugee Organization used ‘Gypsy' as a privileged category that improved an applicant’s changes of getting support from the organization. Internationalization thus offered a brief respite from discrimination for one of the only ethnic refugee groups without its own lobby. This situation changed by the 1950s, when national refugee administrations replaced the earlier international refugee regimes established in the wake of the war. Roma became an exception at a time when West European governments were accepting asylum-seekers from Eastern Europe as part of their ongoing Cold War propaganda efforts. In this period government officials concerned with protecting national interests reverted to earlier classifications of ‘Gypsies' as nomads who were, by definition, not refugees.

Quelle: http://jch.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/51/4/760?rss=1

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Mail-order Demagogues: The NSDAP School for Speakers, 1928-34

Oktober 4, 2016, 11:15 a.m., O Broin, T., Allgemein.

Between 1928 and 1933 Fritz Reinhardt trained 6000 propaganda speakers for the Nazi Party. He made it cheaper for the Party to train a speaker than to print a poster. Reinhardt allowed the NSDAP to project an image of strength, organization and coherence that no other political party in the Weimar Republic could match. Reinhardt’s promises were heard by more members of the electorate than those of any other Nazi, even Hitler. The speakers’ training course was taught by post. The material of the course beginning February 1931 has lain untouched in the archives since. Historians (such as Dietrich Orlow and Joachim Fest) who have made reference to the existence of the school, have dismissed it as ‘primitive’ and entailing only the learning by rote of stock phrases. This is not the case. Reinhardt expressly forbade his students from learning by rote. Rather they were required to learn Reinhardt’s line of reasoning and rephrase it in their own dialect using local issues to illustrate their points. This made the Nazis the most effective propagandists in the fractured polity of the Weimar Republic. This article shows how the speakers school taught and what it taught, in order to illustrate an, as of yet, un-described facet of Nazi electoral propaganda.

Quelle: http://jch.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/51/4/715?rss=1

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“Soldiers of Christ” from the Byzantine Perspective: Monks, Emperors, and Conflict in the Early Byzantine Empire

Oktober 4, 2016, 2:40 a.m., Walter Roberts, Allgemein.

This article is an exploration of concept of monks as “soldiers of Christ” in Byzantine Anatolia during the late sixth and early seventh centuries CE. Through a case study of Theodore of Sykeon, this article will explore monks as agents of continuity in the Byzantine Anatolia of the late sixth and early seventh centuries through Theodore's conflicts with the emperors, imperial authorities, and the regional episcopal hierarchy. The conflicts Theodore had with various authority figures of his time were about helping them see the right path of supporting Catholic orthodoxy as the normative belief system of Byzantine society and integrating his rural community of Sykeon into the wider web of imperial and episcopal urban patronage. Thus, conflict in this context was a catalyst for social order and stability rather than a symptom of social collapse. This article also fits into the historiography of the holy man as local patron in Late Antiquity, suggesting an alternate interpretation of this phenomenon as first put forward in Peter Brown's seminal works on this subject.

Quelle: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2F1467-9809.12403

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A German Century?

Oktober 3, 2016, 10:00 a.m., Eley, G., Allgemein.

<span class="paragraphSection"><span style="font-style:italic;">Geschichte Deutschlands im 20. Jahrhundert</span>. By HerbertUlrich. Munich: C. H. Beck Verlag. 2014. 1,451 pp. €39.95 (hardback).</span>

Quelle: https://academic.oup.com/gh/article/35/1/117/2623861/A-German-Century?rss=1

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‘The Truth about the Concentration Camps’: Werner Schäfer’s Anti-Brown Book and the Transnational Debate on Early Nazi Terror

Oktober 3, 2016, 8:00 a.m., Moore, P., Allgemein.

<span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Abstract</div>This article examines the international debate on the violence of the first year of the National Socialist regime by focusing on the <span style="font-style:italic;">Anti-Brown Book</span> written by storm troop leader Werner Schäfer in 1934. Schäfer’s text is unique as the only book-long propaganda justification of a concentration camp to be written during the lifetime of the Third Reich by a serving commandant. Analysing this text in depth for the first time, the article presents the book as an example of low-level initiative in the shaping of the official narrative of early Nazi terror and as a riposte to critical publicity on the concentration camps in particular. It argues that the first year of the regime saw a dialogue between the regime and its enemies in which the meaning of Nazi violence was contested and the public face of the camps was shaped by multiple agencies of the nascent Third Reich.</span>

Quelle: https://academic.oup.com/gh/article/34/4/579/2726439/The-Truth-about-the-Concentration-Camps-Werner?rss=1

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