Januar 7, 2016, 8:08 p.m.,
Strouse, A. W.,
Allgemein.
Christian writers have often conceptualized reading and writing in terms of uncircumcision. This study begins to uncover that long-standing literary-theoretical tradition. It describes how early Christian theologians, following Saint Paul, discussed allegory with metaphors of preputiotomy, and it considers how late antique authors inflected these formulations with anatomical understandings of the prepuce. Augustine provides a remarkable example of the foreskin as both a subject of anatomical study and as a mystical heuristic for allegorical-visionary experience; and Macrobius's Commentary on the Dream of Scipio echoes anatomical writings on the prepuce in order to amplify the patristic figure into a fuller conceit. These examples lay the groundwork for imagining a poetics of the prepuce.
Quelle: http://jmems.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/46/1/7?rss=1
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Januar 7, 2016, 8:08 p.m.,
Turner, M.,
Allgemein.
Medical language permeated all kinds of texts in premodern Europe, including legal, literary, devotional, political, autobiographical, and philosophical writings. The essays in this special issue are particularly interested in the functions of metaphor and of narrative. Many thinkers—most famously Susan Sontag—have commented on the problems inherent in trying to write about suffering and on the limitations of metaphorical language. At the same time, many writers (both premodern and modern) have seen opportunities in the richness, polysemy, and (sometimes) novelty of medical language. The study of medical discourse and its flexibility connects with work on the history of the emotions, on affect and feeling, on disability, on cognition and sense perception, and on form and genre. Many of the essays here consider reading as an embodied practice and explore how the practice of interpretation is altered when we think with medical metaphor. As a whole, the issue demonstrates some of the ways in which current work in medieval and early modern studies has an important place in the field of medical humanities.
Quelle: http://jmems.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/46/1/1?rss=1
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Januar 7, 2016, 8:08 p.m.,
Sugg, R.,
Allgemein.
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, human physiology was mediated by the vital spirits. These fine vapors of heated blood and air not only linked body and soul, but were central to processes and ideas of generation, sight, mind-body unity, muscle and nerve action, and emotion. An ascending hierarchy of spirits rose from the liver, to the heart, up into the brain. This essay examines the distinctive role that bodily spirits played in Protestant religious experience, focusing especially on moments of particular interior drama. At a time when some Christians believed that the Spirit of God could fuse with these vital spirits in one's heart, the implications for "moments of grace" in Protestant piety are highly intriguing. The same can be said, mutatis mutandis, for moments when a "demonic" thought is suspected to have invaded the heart or brain.
Quelle: http://jmems.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/46/1/141?rss=1
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Januar 6, 2016, 4:03 p.m.,
Fernandez, E.,
Allgemein.
This article studies the political determinants of agricultural policies in twelve Western countries based on new estimates of support of farmers during the period from 1920 to 1975. In continental Europe, the rapid growth of agricultural support after 1955 was driven by the combination of the rapid decline in the size of agriculture, the relative agricultural comparative disadvantage, and the high frequency of coalition governments that resulted from the proportional electoral systems. During the interwar period, agricultural support depended on the presence of authoritarian regimes and economic downturns in the 1920s and 1930s induced politicians to increase support.
Quelle: http://ereh.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/20/1/102?rss=1
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Januar 6, 2016, 4:03 p.m.,
Cappelli, G.,
Allgemein.
The role played by public policy in the development of Italy's human capital in the late nineteenth century and the Interwar period has long remained unexplored by quantitative economic history. This article explores whether a system of decentralized primary education slowed down regional convergence in schooling, since poor and backward areas could not afford to invest a suitable amount of resources in education. It also investigates whether a more centralized system introduced in 1911 fostered the development of basic education and reduced the country's regional disparities. The analysis confirms the existence of such a human capital trap and shows that centralized primary education fostered the development of Italy's schooling in the Interwar period.
Quelle: http://ereh.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/20/1/46?rss=1
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Januar 6, 2016, 4:03 p.m.,
Solar, P. M., Hens, L.,
Allgemein.
The duration of voyages to Asia by English East India Company ships fell by a quarter to a third between the 1770s and the 1820s. The adoption of copper sheathing was the main reason for faster passages and worked through two channels. The more direct was to increase sailing speed by about 11 percent. The indirect, but quantitatively more important, effect was to eliminate the need for a stop at or near the Cape. These results show that there were significant improvements in shipping technology well before the use of steam and iron.
Quelle: http://ereh.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/20/1/66?rss=1
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Januar 6, 2016, 4:03 p.m.,
Di Matteo, L.,
Allgemein.
A link between religion, estate division behavior, and economic inequality is demonstrated. Economic inequality varied across religious affiliations in early twentieth century Canada. Wealth inequality was higher for Anglicans and Roman Catholics relative to Presbyterians. Earnings inequality was higher for Anglicans and Presbyterians relative to Baptists and Catholics. In explaining differences in wealth inequality, estate division differences across religions are a factor with partibility associated with less inequality. However, these differences cannot be neatly categorized into watertight compartments according to the effects of differences in salvific merit or liberal/conservative divides suggesting the simple act of belonging had important network effects.
Quelle: http://ereh.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/20/1/23?rss=1
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Januar 6, 2016, 4:03 p.m.,
Beaudreau, B. C.,
Allgemein.
The National Industrial Recovery Act purportedly failed because it raised real wages and lowered employment. Beaudreau on the other hand argued that it should be seen as a policy response to technological change-based excess capacity and insufficient purchasing power. However, if wages lagged behind productivity growth, why did the National Industrial Recovery Act fail to increase employment and output? This article shows that the chosen policy instruments (e.g., Codes of Fair Competition and the President's Reemployment Agreement), and not the objectives, were among the causes of its demise. Across-the-board wage increases in the presence of firm and industry heterogeneity contributed to its demise.
Quelle: http://ereh.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/20/1/79?rss=1
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Januar 6, 2016, 4:03 p.m.,
Ryckbosch, W.,
Allgemein.
This article studies a collection of data on economic inequality in fifteen towns in the Southern and Northern Low Countries from the late Middle Ages until the end of the nineteenth century. By using a single and consistent source type and adopting a uniform methodology, it is possible to study levels of urban economic inequality across time and place comparatively. The results indicate a clear growth in economic inequality in the two centuries prior to the industrial revolution and the onset of sustained economic growth per capita. The results presented lend support to the "classical" explanation of inequality as the consequence of a changing functional distribution of income favoring capital over labor over the course of the early modern period. These findings provide an alternative resolution of the conundrum presented by "optimist" and "pessimists" interpretations of early modern economic development.
Quelle: http://ereh.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/20/1/1?rss=1
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Januar 6, 2016, 11:17 a.m.,
Lei Yu,
Allgemein.
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