März 16, 2015, 11:48 a.m.,
Proctor, T. M.,
Allgemein.
This article analyzes the ordeal that became the ‘Louvain Library Controversy' in order to demonstrate competing visions of postwar memory and reconstruction that emerged in the 1920s. As a country trying to mediate between the claims of its larger neighbors (Germany, France, and Britain), Belgium provides an excellent window into the climate of postwar Europe and US intervention. I argue that the controversies that surrounded the Louvain Library reconstruction reflect three main themes that plagued European–US relations in the 1920s: first, US pretensions as Europe’s cultural protector; second, US economic power over debt and reparation questions; and last, the question of reconciliation in the wake of war. For Belgium and other European nations, the experience of being the object of aid for the United States of America led to a reassertion of sovereignty and autonomy in the face of external interference, exposing the gaps between Americans’ assumptions about their roles and responsibilities in Europe and Europeans’ sense of their own role in rebuilding their world. For Americans, the controversy demonstrated the perils of US ‘generosity' and its price in postwar Europe.
Quelle: http://jch.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/50/2/147?rss=1
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März 16, 2015, 11:48 a.m.,
Aramini, D.,
Allgemein.
The article offers a close reading of the numerous initiatives promoted by the Institute of Roman Studies, an institution operating in synergy with the political culture and imperial ambitions of the fascist regime by supporting and influencing its rhetoric of romanità and use of symbols and myths of the ‘Third Rome’. Namely, the article shows that during the 1930s some Italian intellectuals and the high ranks of the Vatican tried to find a synthesis between fascist and Catholic ideologies by means of the glorification of the myth of ‘Christian Rome’. The article shows that many Italian intellectuals thought there was a chance of finding a synthesis between the sacralization of politics and the politicization of religion through the myth of Rome. This chance became a mission with the rapprochement to Nazi Germany, with fascism clearly taking shape as a political religion, and during the Second World War. Despite its final failure, this ‘conciliatory’ attempt shows the complex and various relationships during the fascism between the processes of sacralization of politics and politicization of religion. Finally, the article could be a point of reflection on the various facets about the process of nationalization of Italians widespread during the fascist regime.
Quelle: http://jch.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/50/2/188?rss=1
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März 16, 2015, 11:48 a.m.,
Glassheim, E.,
Allgemein.
After the Second World War, Czechoslovakia expelled around three million Germans from the border region known as the Sudetenland. Close to two million Czechs and Slovaks moved from the country's interior to settle the region. Though cut off from their former homes by international borders soon hardened by the Cold War, expelled Germans vigorously engaged their homelands. They wrote odes to their lost Heimats, travelogues of trips through ‘Sudeten’ landscapes, critical essays on Czech management of the borderlands, and demands for restitution or return. For Czechoslovak settlers and communist officials, the specters of Germans past and present were persistent reminders of the shortcomings of resettlement and the need to consolidate conditions in the borderlands. This article traces an ongoing conversation from the 1940s to the 1980s among communist officials, Sudeten German expellees, communist reformers, and dissidents about the Czechoslovak borderlands. By the 1980s, most parties to the conversation had come to understand the borderlands in ecological terms, stressing the inter-relationship of mental, social, and physical geographies. Though communist officials and critics largely shared a diagnosis of borderland decline, there was a wide range of prescriptions for how to restore the region to ecological and social health.
Quelle: http://jch.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/50/2/318?rss=1
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März 16, 2015, 11:48 a.m.,
Tarquini, A.,
Allgemein.
This article contributes to the current debate on political religions presenting a case study: fascist educational policy from 1922 to 1943. The article is organized into four different parts: after a discussion of the major and most recent approaches to the concept of political religion, the second part examines some aspects of the educational policies of the 1920s; and in the third the main educational policies of the 1930s and the early 1940s, Giovanni Gentile’s role and Giuseppe Bottai’s contribution. Believing that fascism’s scholastic policies were determined by a political religion, based on the stated identity of politics and culture, the last part proposes an approach to the study of political religions and, more broadly, of the culture of totalitarian regimes.
Quelle: http://jch.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/50/2/168?rss=1
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März 16, 2015, 11:48 a.m.,
Baković, N.,
Allgemein.
The article deals with the ways in which the ‘cultural-entertainment activities’, organized by the Yugoslav government for Yugoslav economic emigrants in the West, were imbued with the patriotic propaganda and shaped by the socialist modernization discourse. In the 1960s, the Yugoslav state, together with national radio stations and Matica iseljenika institutions, supported large and financially lucrative music tours based on folk music, the content and staffing of which were in accordance with the federal and multiethnic structure of the country. However, in the early 1970s, the state support shifted towards smaller-scale activities, in order to fight accusations of commercialization and to facilitate migrants’ amateurism as a form of Yugoslav self-management being transplanted to a capitalist soil, presenting it as an inherently transnational phenomenon. Although the principle of inter-ethnic reciprocity and republics’ quotas remained as an imperative, the Yugoslav state now concentrated on the ‘cultural’ events rather than on folk-inspired ‘entertainment’, in order to elevate the intellectual status of migrant workers and bring them closer to the ideals of an emancipated working class.
Quelle: http://jch.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/50/2/354?rss=1
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März 16, 2015, 11:48 a.m.,
Loeffler, J.,
Allgemein.
This article recovers a forgotten episode in the history of human rights: the 1944 ‘Declaration on Human Rights' sponsored by the American Jewish Committee. With an unprecedented media campaign and endorsements from ‘1300 distinguished Americans of all faiths,' the 1944 ‘Declaration' at first glance appears to be a prime example of wartime pluralist consensus and liberal internationalism in the USA. Yet as a closer examination of the document’s genesis and reception reveal, the document actually generated a striking array of polar-opposite reactions, including support from conservative isolationists, criticism from civil libertarians, and sharply split reactions from fellow Jewish groups and Catholic organizations. In recapturing this story of political conflict and ideological confusion, I propose to disentangle the stories of liberal internationalism and human rights. Rather than view mid-twentieth-century human rights history as a tale of the 1940s emergence of global civil society and US ethical cosmopolitanism before the arrival of Cold War politics, we do better to see it more as a story of faltering attempts to forge a language of US universalism that would appeal to the moral imagination of the USA.
Quelle: http://jch.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/50/2/274?rss=1
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März 14, 2015, 8:00 p.m.,
Girotti, Beatrice,
Allgemein.
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März 14, 2015, 8:00 p.m.,
Civitavecchia, Lucas,
Allgemein.
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März 14, 2015, 8:00 p.m.,
Vassallo, Christian,
Allgemein.
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März 14, 2015, 8:00 p.m.,
Floridi, Lucia,
Allgemein.
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