Bibliothek des Widerstands
Dietmar Dath bespricht für die FAZ die im Laika-Verlag erscheinende Bibliothek des Widerstands, eine Reihe, die DVDs mit politischen Filmen veröffentlicht.
Nouvelle traduction de Condorcet: Ausgewählte Schriften zu Wahlen und Abstimmungen, Hrsg. u. übers. v. Joachim Behnke, Carolin Stange u. Reinhard Zintl.
Le paradoxe de Condorcet est pour la première fois mis à disposition du public allemand, dans les termes mêmes de son auteur. Celui-ci dit qu’il est possible, lors d’un vote où l’on demande aux votants de classer trois propositions (A, B et C) par ordre de préférence, qu’une majorité de votants préfère A à B, qu’une autre préfère B à C et qu’une autre préfère C à A. Les décisions prises à une majorité populaire par ce mode de scrutin ne seraient donc pas cohérentes avec celles que prendrait un individu rationnel. Ce paradoxe ne met en cause que la cohérence de certains systèmes de vote et non celle de la démocratie elle-même. Il faut attendre le théorème d’impossibilité d’Arrow au XXe siècle pour voir démontrer que le problème n’est pas limité au vote majoritaire mais lié aux difficultés de l’agrégation des préférences. Il n’existe aucune procédure de décision collective qui puisse satisfaire quatre conditions assez raisonnables. Certains auteurs y voient un problème inhérent à la démocratie. Dans son essai, Condorcet expose également sa méthode conçue pour simuler des élections par paires de candidats. Il indique toutefois que le temps pratique du dépouillement rend la méthode qu’il envisage difficile à réaliser à son époque. Il ne tient qu’au public allemand d’en juger maintenant par lui-même!
Mit diesem Buch liegt erstmals die deutsche Übersetzung eines Klassikers der sogenannten Social Choice-Literatur vor, Condorcets “Essai sur l’application de l’Analyse à la Probabilité des Décisions rendues à la pluralité des voix”, der 1785 erschienen ist. Genauer gesagt handelt es sich beim vorliegenden Text um das “Vorwort” des Essays. Dieses “Vorwort” umfasst im Original über 180 Seiten und ist eine für das “gebildete Publikum” geschriebene, leichter zugängliche Version des eigentlichen Haupttextes, der stark mit mathematischer Terminologie durchsetzt ist. Das Gebiet der Social Choice beschäftigt sich mit Wahl- und Entscheidungsverfahren. Das Buch von Condorcet gilt in diesem Bereich als das erste Werk, in dem verschiedene Abstimmungsverfahren rigoros mit Methoden der Logik und Mathematik untersucht werden. Viele der in diesem Buch vertretenen Ansätze und Ideen waren im wörtlichen Sinne ihrer Zeit voraus, was dazu führte, dass Condorcet nahezu in Vergessenheit geriet, bis er Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts wiederentdeckt wurde. Gewisse Konzepte der Condorcet’schen Theorie, wie z.B. das so genannte Konzept zyklischer Mehrheiten, das auch als Condorcet-Paradox bezeichnet wird, gehören zu den bekanntesten und am meisten verwendeten Bestandteilen der modernen Social Choice-Forschung.
Dissertation zur Entfestigung deutschsprachiger Städte
Mit der "Entfestigung" deutschsprachiger Städte, d.h. dem Abreißen der Stadtmauern beschäftigt sich Yair Mintzkers Dissertation, die online zur Verfügung steht:
Mintzker, Yair: The defortification of the German city, 1689-1866. Stanford University, 2009.
http://gradworks.umi.com/33/64/3364507.html
PDF: http://gradworks.umi.com/3364507.pdf
Abstract: "The Defortification of the German City" tells the story of the metamorphosis of German cities from walled to open places.
Down to the eighteenth century, all German cities were fortified places. Since the city was "a coherent [social] body in a protected place," as Johann Justi, a contemporary jurist, defined it, the urban environment had to be physically separated from the surrounding countryside. This separation was crucial to guaranteeing the city's commercial, political, and legal privileges. Fortifications were consequently the sine qua non for a settlement to be termed a town or a city. "Without them no place can be called a town," Justi wrote, "however large and handsomely built it might be."
From 1689 to 1866, most German city walls were demolished. By following the dramatic defortification stories of German cities, the dissertation demonstrates how most defortifications were not the result of urban expansion, as is so often argued, but of political disputes between princes, generals, bureaucrats, and burghers during Germany's transition to the modern era. The dissertation includes both quantitative and qualitative data integrated into a general narrative. Quantitatively, it maps out the process of the demolition of German city walls by analyzing information about the cases of close to a thousand German cities; qualitatively, it follows several case studies and uncovers a wealth of yet unexplored defortification documents from multiple archives, including state memoranda, city council protocols, diaries, novels, poems, plays, and even music.
The dissertation is divided into seven chapters. The first two, "The City and Its Walls" and "A Changing Habitat, 1689-1789," discuss the number, function, and meaning of city walls in eighteenth-century Germany and the first attempts to defortify them. City walls, these chapters argue, were much more than purely military defenses: they were a fundamental element in the definition of the city, an expression of the urban community's "honor" in the world of the Holy Roman Empire. To understand the first defortification waves in Germany, one therefore has to examine what happened to the Empire's political culture in the eighteenth century and how the Empire's decline affected its cities. Chapters Three, Four, and Five, "The Great Defortification Surge, 1789-1815: General Characteristics," "The Forces Without: Munich, Ehrenbreitstein, and Breslau," and "The Forces Within: Frankfurt am Main and Hamburg," discuss the main defortification wave in the German lands during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. They explore the general reasons for the defortification surge of 1789-1815 and discuss several case studies that demonstrate how the general political upheaval of the period contributed to the metamorphosis of over half of all German cities into open settlements. Finally, the sixth and seventh chapters of the dissertation, "Restoration's Boundaries, 1815-1848" and "A New City, 1849-1866" discuss the fifty years between the Congress of Vienna and the defeat of the Austrian Army at Königgrätz. These chapters demonstrate how the years immediately after 1815 witnessed an attempt to "turn back the clock" on the developments of the Napoleonic Wars and discuss why these attempts were discarded in the wake of the 1848 revolution.
What is at stake in the description of the defortification of German cities transcends the issue of the city walls themselves. "The Defortification of the German City" is first of all German history told from the bottom up: the stories of countless communities, their invasion by external forces, and their varied reactions to the dramatic events around them, from the rise of great territorial states in the eighteenth century, through the experience of French occupation, to the political culture of restoration and Biedermeier Germany. The dissertation also analyzes a new perception of urban and political "spaces" that emerged during the transition to the modern period in Germany, but which was representative of a much larger development. By closely looking at the German national context, the dissertation demonstrates how our modern conception of boundaries, places, and spaces is at once more uniform and more diverse than earlier ones. More uniform in the sense that older divisions, such as the clear physical division between city and countryside, have lost their salience; more diverse in the way other boundaries became more sharply drawn and new political, social, and cultural divisions became more clearly defined.
Mintzker, Yair: The defortification of the German city, 1689-1866. Stanford University, 2009.
http://gradworks.umi.com/33/64/3364507.html
PDF: http://gradworks.umi.com/3364507.pdf
Abstract: "The Defortification of the German City" tells the story of the metamorphosis of German cities from walled to open places.
Down to the eighteenth century, all German cities were fortified places. Since the city was "a coherent [social] body in a protected place," as Johann Justi, a contemporary jurist, defined it, the urban environment had to be physically separated from the surrounding countryside. This separation was crucial to guaranteeing the city's commercial, political, and legal privileges. Fortifications were consequently the sine qua non for a settlement to be termed a town or a city. "Without them no place can be called a town," Justi wrote, "however large and handsomely built it might be."
From 1689 to 1866, most German city walls were demolished. By following the dramatic defortification stories of German cities, the dissertation demonstrates how most defortifications were not the result of urban expansion, as is so often argued, but of political disputes between princes, generals, bureaucrats, and burghers during Germany's transition to the modern era. The dissertation includes both quantitative and qualitative data integrated into a general narrative. Quantitatively, it maps out the process of the demolition of German city walls by analyzing information about the cases of close to a thousand German cities; qualitatively, it follows several case studies and uncovers a wealth of yet unexplored defortification documents from multiple archives, including state memoranda, city council protocols, diaries, novels, poems, plays, and even music.
The dissertation is divided into seven chapters. The first two, "The City and Its Walls" and "A Changing Habitat, 1689-1789," discuss the number, function, and meaning of city walls in eighteenth-century Germany and the first attempts to defortify them. City walls, these chapters argue, were much more than purely military defenses: they were a fundamental element in the definition of the city, an expression of the urban community's "honor" in the world of the Holy Roman Empire. To understand the first defortification waves in Germany, one therefore has to examine what happened to the Empire's political culture in the eighteenth century and how the Empire's decline affected its cities. Chapters Three, Four, and Five, "The Great Defortification Surge, 1789-1815: General Characteristics," "The Forces Without: Munich, Ehrenbreitstein, and Breslau," and "The Forces Within: Frankfurt am Main and Hamburg," discuss the main defortification wave in the German lands during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. They explore the general reasons for the defortification surge of 1789-1815 and discuss several case studies that demonstrate how the general political upheaval of the period contributed to the metamorphosis of over half of all German cities into open settlements. Finally, the sixth and seventh chapters of the dissertation, "Restoration's Boundaries, 1815-1848" and "A New City, 1849-1866" discuss the fifty years between the Congress of Vienna and the defeat of the Austrian Army at Königgrätz. These chapters demonstrate how the years immediately after 1815 witnessed an attempt to "turn back the clock" on the developments of the Napoleonic Wars and discuss why these attempts were discarded in the wake of the 1848 revolution.
What is at stake in the description of the defortification of German cities transcends the issue of the city walls themselves. "The Defortification of the German City" is first of all German history told from the bottom up: the stories of countless communities, their invasion by external forces, and their varied reactions to the dramatic events around them, from the rise of great territorial states in the eighteenth century, through the experience of French occupation, to the political culture of restoration and Biedermeier Germany. The dissertation also analyzes a new perception of urban and political "spaces" that emerged during the transition to the modern period in Germany, but which was representative of a much larger development. By closely looking at the German national context, the dissertation demonstrates how our modern conception of boundaries, places, and spaces is at once more uniform and more diverse than earlier ones. More uniform in the sense that older divisions, such as the clear physical division between city and countryside, have lost their salience; more diverse in the way other boundaries became more sharply drawn and new political, social, and cultural divisions became more clearly defined.
SdK 17: Monika Wulz über Edgar Zilsel und seinen Induktionsbegriff
Von Einzelfällen zu einer allgemeinen Aussage: Mit Hilfe des Induktionsbegriffs entwickelte Edgar Zilsel Ideen einer kollektiven Wissensproduktion.
Quelle: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/kulturwissenschaften/~3/uFe7UnrE5yw/sdk17
aussichten Nr. 11 / REVOPO Nr. 1 [17.08.2011]: Bibliographie › Quellen › Gedruckte Quellen
Adler, Hans (Hrsg.): Literarische Geheimberichte. Protokolle der Metternich-Agenten. 2 Bde. Köln 1977-1981. Bergsträßer, Ludwig (Hrsg.): Der politische Katholizismus. Dokumente seiner Entwicklung (=Der deutsche Staatsgedanke Reihe 2: Die Parteien und der Staat Bd. 3). 2 Bde. München 1921-23. ND Hildesheim 1976. Bibl, Viktor: Metternich in neuer Beleuchtung Sein geheimer Briefwechsel mit dem bayerischen Staatsminister Wrede. Nach [...]
FES: Portal Breslauer Arbeiterbewegung
http://library.fes.de/breslau Deutschsprachige Materialien, die in der Universitätsbibliothek Wroclaw und in der Bibliothek der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung lagern, sind digitalisiert und ins Netz gestellt. Technisch verbleiben die Quellen auf den Servern der jeweiligen Heimatbibliotheken, werden allerdings virtuell in einem Portal zusammengeführt.
Lexikon zur Computergeschichte: CGA
Der 1981 von IBM auf den Markt gebrachte Color Graphics Adapter Standard (kurz: CGA) beherrschte bei 16 KB Grafikspeicher bis zu 640×200 Auflösung. Diese Maximalauflösung konnte nur bei 2 Farben erreicht werden. Bei geringerer Auflösubg konnten bis zu 16 Farben gleichzeitig dargestellt werden.
Lexikon zur Computergeschichte: EGA
Der 1984 von IBM eingeführte Enhanced Graphics Adapter Standard (kurz: EGA) löste den vorhergegangenen CGA-Standard ab und ermöglichte das gleichzeitige Darstellen von 16 Farben aus einer Palette von insgesamt 64 Farben bei einer Bildschirmauflösung von max. 800×600. Die Karten verfügten über 64 KB Grafikspeicher und konnten bis zu 256 KB Grafikspeicher erweitert werden.
›Trotz Ignoranz der Mehrheit‹. Ein Plädoyer für den Fortbestand eines vermeintlich anonymen Internet
http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzpolitik/0,1518,778988,00.html Die Diskussion um einen Klarnamenszwang im Netz gehört zwar schon nicht mehr zum Tagesgeschehen; trotzdem erscheint es umso wichtiger, die Problematik des staatlichen Zugriffs auf die informationelle Selbstbestimmung aktuell zu halten. Es sei vorab gestattet, an dieser Stelle mit einigen Ammenmärchen aufzuräumen. 1. Eine Anonymität im Netz gibt es nicht! Es ist an der [...]
SPAM of the day: Gekaufte Rezensionen
Die PR-Fuzzis werden auch immer unverschämter: Heute landete in meiner Mailbox ein Aufruf, gegen Bezahlung eine Rezension für ein vermutlich einschlägiges Werk mit dem Titel «Der PreSales Marketing Kundenmagnet» zu verfassen. Initiator dieser unappetitlichen Aktion ist ein gewisser Robert Nabenhauer von der Firma «Nabenhauer Consulting» in Steinach. Mal abgesehen davon, dass die ungefragte Zusendung von [...]